and TSUNAMI EARTHQUAKES: Measures of prevention and survival
Trembling DE TERRE et TSUNAMI: mesures de prévention et de survie
Japanese people these days suffer major disasters: after an earthquake of 9.0 degrees , followed by a terrible tsunami, have caused thousands of deaths and / or missing and destruciones of all kinds, also face possible radiation leaks from several nuclear power plants have also been damaged.
is too early to know the consequences of these terrible events facing occasionally humanity ... We will carefully
news and images that are broadcast almost live through the media (see links below)
Meanwhile, it seems appropriate to recall the Prevention and Survival advisable in case of earthquakes and tsunamis that were published earlier in this blog:
EARTHQUAKES Earthquakes or are produced mainly by the movement and collision of tectonic plates called to accumulate and release energy to affect the crust, this is especially true for fractures of the edges of the plates.
also arise as a result of volcanic processes, geological faults or other movements or subsidence occurring on the surface or deeper in the crust and mantle of the Earth. The
seismic waves can be longitudinal, transverse or surface, traveling at speeds ranging from 3 to 14 km / s.
The surface resulting from the first two are slower and giving rise to earthquakes and sometimes tsunamis.
The intensity of earthquakes is measured against a set of scales (Richter, Mercalli) that capture the networks of seismographs.
There are two points to find the location of earthquakes.
One is called the hypocenter found inside the earth is the point or place where the earthquake starts.
The second is the epicenter which lies on the surface and is located above the hypocenter.
The greatest effects usually occur alrrededor the epicenter.
earthquakes occur continually throughout the world but most are of small intensity and harmless.
A width of the Earth there geographic areas with greater intensity and frequency of earthquakes that are listed in seismic studies of each country, often coincide with the presence of volcanoes.
(See links at the bottom )
are not predictable Although the exact location and timing or intensity of future earthquakes, if that can be taken and measures to prevent and alert to protect the population and minimize damage.
CAUSES OF DEATH, INJURY AND DAMAGE OF EARTHQUAKE
Most deaths and injuries that occur as a result of an earthquake are caused, first, by the collapse of buildings and by the release or objects falling outside (balconies, fireplaces, cornices, roofs, windows, windows, poles, signs, power lines, etc) and indoors (stairs, cabinets, frames, lamps, heavy objects placed on top, etc)
And subsequently by derailments, broken dams, accidents, tsunamis, explosions, fires, etc. or because of gas leaks, spills flammable and electrical shorts as well as by engaging in behavior caused by panic : falls, collisions, abuse, nervous breakdowns, etc.
PREVENTION POSSIBLE PRIOR TO EARTHQUAKE
If you can choose the place of location housing , ensure you are on flat ground outside the channel of rivers or streams and away from slopes unstable mountain. Avoid
also those who are at sea level or below dams or reservoirs. Nor
living near nuclear power plants, fuel depots, warehouses, industries handling hazardous substances airports and mass transit routes by road or rail.
All these locations involve risks defendants in the case of earthquakes.
Another major preventive measures referred appropriate design and construction of buildings, which are to be provided with foundations, columns and beams based structures and steel mesh and concrete .
Provided that there are one hundred percent safe construction and that whenever possible will be more or less vulnerable depending on the intensity of destructive earthquakes.
(see link at the end )
As ancient constructions, especially if you live in high risk areas seismic, it is advisable to reinforce the instructions of an architect.
Until reforms are made we can build and install, in some rooms (bedrooms) or areas where homes, schools or homes, earthquake-resistant modules that serve as emergency shelters and constituting a first protection against landslides or parts of the property falls : These modules can include cubes, cones or rods (about 2 to 4 m square base 1,50 / 1,80 m high) metal structure, or even made with thick wooden planks firmly attached with metal brackets (there are also synthetic models) Browse
electric and gas facilities , ensuring that they are protected and have flexible connections and automatic devices to interrupt an overload or emergency cases.
The furniture (bookcases, cabinets) and appliances (refrigerators, tv, heaters) heavy or large height and size should be attached / bolted to the wall or walls to prevent movement or fall by the vibration or movement an earthquake. The doors should have locks. The
heavier items, bulky books, dishes, glassware, dishes, etc. should be placed in the lower parts of furniture or shelving.
lamps and tables should be light and cloaks tight.
Ensure there are no shelves or racks on the head or near beds and sofas. Avoid
pots in windows and balconies. Having located
and hand extinguisher, cell phone, first aid kit, flashlight, money, personal papers , clothing (sturdy shoes, gloves, coats, etc) and tools or other objects that may be useful in an emergency.
HOW TO PROCEED IN AN EARTHQUAKE
Trying to remain calm and not get carried away to panic.
Remember that the average length of initial phase most violent earthquake is about 30 seconds , although some may take several minutes. Later, in coming hours or days, aftershocks can occur are of low intensity.
During those first few minutes do not rush or run it is better not fall down stairs or trying to go outside because it is easy to lose balance and be shot down. Nor should use the elevator.
It is best to find the safest place and bend down or shelter in it, especially protecting the head with what is at hand (Pillow, chair, wallet, etc)
Remember that in real estate, safer areas are the bottom beds, tables, counters, desks, etc. and also lintels and frames doors, corners and pillars of support buildings.
away from other areas that involve greater risk as balconies, windows, stairs, fireplaces, lamps, mirrors, appliances, televisions, computers, cabinets, bookcases or furniture that could fall.
If the emergency occurs on the street or in the countryside, trying to move to an open area away from buildings, poles, bridges, tunnels, power lines, walls, large trees, etc.
On the streets of a city, the most dangerous area to be avoided or to be away, is placed on sidewalks or patios below, just below the facade or exterior walls of buildings, where derumbamientos there is a risk and / or falling from balconies, brick, tile, shelves, windows, electrical cables, etc.
should be placed in the middle of the street or square, separating the most of these walls. Also away bridges, stairs, porches, lampposts, trees, signs, etc.
If driving by car to stop if possible off the road to avoid the reach of other vehicles, also trying to find a safe open area away from overpasses, bridges, tunnels, poles, power lines, etc.
The interior of a vehicle is considered relatively safe, so you should remain there until the emergency is.
TO DO AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE
Once you stop the movement and vibrations, move slowly.
If we are in a home or property, and we have not been trapped or injured by shaking, an inspection the place with caution and prudence, checking the damage and possible risks.
Based on these, we must decide whether it is better to stay or proceed to an evacuation.
If we were caught more vital it is to preserve vision breathing and trying to protect / cover mouth, nose and eyes from dust, with glasses or a makeshift mask.
Then check for injury or fracture process of washing or disinfection , bandaging or protecting eroded or bruised areas, reducing and splinting members dislocated or fractured. Case
bleeding, try to press the wound and elevate the limb or injured part, apply a temporary bandage with a clean cloth or tourniquet if bleeding can be seen that pressure persists.
The tourniquet should be loosened every 15/20 minutes in order to restore blood flow and see if the bleeding stopped or decreased in which case the dressing be left alone.
If someone is unconscious from trauma or symptoms of suffocation, try not to move to aggravate the injury but not applying cardiopulmonary resuscitation and artificial respiration.
Protect injured, old or young, improvising a jail and / or shelter from the cold and provide them drinking water .
If not get out to call for help, or use a cell phone can be hit repeatedly on walls, floors and pipes to alert rescue services. The sound is transmitted either through the materials.
If you decide to evacuate must pick a team with the essentials: clothes, sturdy shoes (there are broken glass and sharp objects everywhere), gloves, flashlight, money, documents, tools, a stick, food and water drinking, etc. and study the best way out of the building or call for help if this is not possible and also how to help others who are injured or disabled.
is best to use a backpack or similar to have hands free to think that we face a possible incursion with obstacles and dangers to be overcome, sometimes climbing, as would a mountaineer, whatever tools we have at hand - ax hammer, ice pick, stick, rope, etc - can be useful. Avoid touching
loose wires and deal with spills as they could transmit electric shock.
not light matches, candles, etc, nor electrical switches ations, especially if they are suspected of wire breakage or gas and electricity facilities.
Close the gas cock and disconnect water and electricity .
If you smell gas opening windows and leaving the building warning as soon as possible to appropriate services.
As foreign aid (fire, etc) can take, if possible, try to smother small fires, prevent the worsening of damage or cancel cortocricuitos and gas or water leaks, acting with the utmost caution and prudence.
Reaction to potential tsunamis and floods:
If one lives in coastal areas near the sea , immediately after the cessation of shocks earthquake - where it has been intense and lasted for more than 10 seconds - you have to urgently evacuate the area and head towards the interior (2 to 3 km) and, if possible, to mountains or other areas over the evade.
Tsunamis may reach the coast with speeds over 50 km / h and heights of up to 30 m.
also if at the time of the earthquake we are in flood risk areas (channels of rivers, low lying areas near swamps, canals, etc), you must evacuate immediately to higher places, since an earthquake can crack or fracture the dams, sluices or pipes and cause dangerous flooding.
Once past the emergency must seek to reach a safe area as possible, where welfare is as disruption and chaos caused by the disaster added new problems of food supply, health and housing of victims and potential risks of attacks and looting. ----------------------------------------------
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SOLIDARITY AND LUCK JAPANESE FRIENDS!
連帯 運 が よけれ ば 日本 の 友達!
SOLIDARITY AND LUCK, JAPANESE FRIENDS!
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LINKS EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI and JAPAN radioactive leaks, March 2011 - News, pictures and videos of www.google.es
View this excellent video report "warning in the Pacific" with shocking images of the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear alert in Japan - Weekly Report - www.rtve.es -
Earthquake in Japan (Videos and news of events, earthquakes, tsunami, nuclear alert, etc) - www.rtve.es
Earthquake - es.wikipedia. org
Large earthquakes in the world - es.wikipedia.org
tsunamis - es.wikipedia.org
Radioactivity - es.wikipedia.org
nuclear accident - es.wikipedia.org
Seismicity in the Iberian Peninsula: Maps and areas of higher and lower rates - www.proyectosalonhogar.com / Ciencias_ambientales
Earthquakes in Spain and the world, past records and the last days - alertaterremotos.com
Design and construction of steel structures - Author: Martínez Romero, Enrique - www.crid.or.cr / cd / CD_Asentamientos_Humanos
Containers used as dwellings, a good anti-seismic habitat - Primatecuasisapiens
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