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NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS: prevention and survival

Nuclear accidents: prevention and survival Measures

原子 力 事故: 予防 と 生存 対策

Last day March 11, 2011 in Japan had an earthquake of 9.0 magnitude on the Richter scale followed of a terrible tsunami and cause thousands of deaths and disappearances and to produce enormous disaster, damaged several nuclear plants in the city of Fukushima, repeated radioactive leaks put on alert throughout the international community with a serious risk of contamination.

Hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated in the area for fear of the consequences of this important nuclear threat.

Members of the emergency services (engineers, technicians and operators of power plants, fire, etc) are heroically risking his life and health, subjected to high doses of radiation to cool the reactor and prevent an explosion or merger atomic nuclei

( see articles and videos about the happenings in links at the bottom )

This grave situation brings us back to mind the terrifying consequences of past episodes - with thousands dead, injured and sick - important explosions and atomic radiation: brought about during the World War II, as the bombing of Nagasaki Hidrosima and in 1945, and other accidents, like the central Chernobyl (Ukraine) in 1989.

addition to these events to keep in mind the lists civilian and military accidents, leaking radiation, that have occurred to date and likely will continue in the coming years given the international proliferation of atomic elements ( arms arsenals, new plants, warehouses and transportation of materials or waste, etc )

(see links at the bottom )

currently exist in the world about 440 nuclear power plants but the number is growing each year and dozens more are built. The

countries with the largest number of such facilities are the United States (104), France (59), Japan (56), Russia (31) South Korea (20), United Kingdom (19), Canada (18), Germany (17), India (17) and Ukraine (15)

For supporters of nuclear energy, utility and cost of these plants are largely consistent production and performance, not subject to variations weather (as in renewables) and its not CO2 pollution ( own fossil fuels like coal and oil) .

However, another large part of the world population, are a constant threat and serious accidents, because - despite all the security measures taken - there are always unforeseeable contingencies ( human error , undetectable failures, terrorist attacks and in case of war, natural factors such as earthquakes and tsunamis, etc ) who advocate a certain probability that such accidents will happen sooner or later .
also concerned about the growing accumulation of waste lasting radioactive for thousands of years.

The debate on nuclear itself or nuclear , led by environmental organizations, is classic and permanent, but growing demands for electricity and declining oil and gas reserves in the near future , decant the balance in favor of continuity and expansion of these plants for several years .


It would therefore be necessary to adopt and improve preventive measures and survival to mitigate the risks and effects of potential accidents with radioactive leaks , as set out below


SAFEGUARDS

general or collective to be taken by governments and also for companies and managers :

- should be a monitoring and control on nuclear power plants by the United Nations, with criteria as the construction, organization, operation, safety, etc
- States, before building nuclear Centrl should inform and consult the people through a referendum for the decision was taken
majority - Study of the conditions of the region or place siting of future facilities (topography, seismicity, and potential tsunamis, storms, proximity of volcanoes, etc )
- Control and supervision of construction and safety projects ( buildings earthquake-resistant, watertight enclosures reactor aislamieto and cores, cooling systems, supplemental power generators, etc )
- The central should be located in sparsely populated areas and provided more than 100 km of any city, port, airport and industrial center of population or
- Services technical maintenance and security and alert permanent and reinforced to prevent or neutralize not only accidents and damage, but also terrorist attacks ( building battleships against possible external attacks, equipment failures or trained to fight fires, barriers, gates or enclosures sealed insulation from hazardous areas or contaminants, armed guards, vehicles and equipment for radiation protection, protective suits, masks, breathing apparatus, etc)
- Alerting the population promptly of any fault or event involving a risk of radioactive leaks

of an individual or personal

- Participate in manifestations of internent forums, surveys, etc., for or against nuclear energy
- At election time, vote only to political parties or groups who choose existence or not nuclear , according to the criteria every citizen, not allowing , as now, that governments and multinational decide, regardless of the views of the people
- Reside , if possible, over 50 km of any nuclear installation or deposit
- If for work or other nature is to travel or remain in areas near nuclear plants carry detection devices environmental radioactivity


SURVIVAL MEASURES THE EVENT OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT

general or collective:

- In addition to trying to repair the fault by technical teams, firemen, etc, report, truthful and timely manner, what is happening, proceeding immediately to the evacuation of inhabitants closer to central and / or adopting measures isolation of those who remain within a radius of at least 30 km ( stay in the houses, with doors and windows closed, use of Protective suits and masks to those who have to work or travel on the outside, etc )
- display at all times radioactivity levels in both central and near other areas of the country, the people recommending the most appropriate actions and sending messages to moderate panic and psychosis
- Healthcare urgent potential victims and the distribution copy of drugs (potassium iodide ) to lessen the effects of radiation ( that often affect in principle to the thyroid gland)
- Helps people in the food sector by providing free food and water radioactive contamination

individual or personal-type :

- Permancer qa news alert authorities governmental and health on the development of leak or accident and take immediate recommendations (isolation, evacuation, avoidance of places, contaminated food or water, etc )
- Case aggravate or extend the risk nuclear deal, if possible, of a safe distance away ( over 200 km) and even leave the country or region affected . This retreat is
especially recommended for children and pregnant women are more vulnerable to radioactivity
- should learn and control the level of contamination of air, water and food, to deduce the number siervets or millisieverts likely - units that measure the dose of radioactivity - that can be subjected.
( see scales and effects on links at the bottom )


EXCEED THE ENVIRONMENTAL HARASSMENT: RENEWABLE ENERGY SHOULD REPLACE THE PRODUCED BY NUCLEAR AND FOSSIL FUELS

Nuclear power is necessary or not today, is a serious humanitarian threat , the effects and health consequences of radioactive releases beyond the borders ( the Chernobyl disaster spread across most of Europe) polluting for months, even years, not only individuals but also to land, rivers, seas, animals and crops , also produce an increase in diseases serious ( burns, leukemia, cancer, fetal deformities, etc ) and indexes mortality of those affected.

The confluence of the harmful effects of radiological contamination caused with meanwhile fossil fuels ( CO2, global warming, respiratory diseases, noise, etc) are leading humanity - in the interests the worship of the goddess energy - a situation that enslaving environmental harassment violates our freedom and our health , and not enough to escape the big cities polluted by exhaust from cars and pollution in many industrial activities because now, also in the field, we can reach other pollution - The radiation - which though invisible, is no less dangerous. The only

raccional solution to this problem, until they are other less harmful forms of energy - maybe the fusion , now in testing - is to increase and enhance called clean or renewable energies - solar , wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal, biocombustión, use of hydrogen, etc. - and encourage savings by vehicles and equipment designed to save and use these clean energy.

And if today the percentage of renewable is already 20 percent in all energy sources that have , why not rose to 40, 60 or one hundred percent ?

This would supply the percentage of nuclear , now located at a 30 percent of this set of energy sources and could prevent future growth, allowing its gradual dismantling . This

turn away this plague of filth and death (more radioactivity fossil fuels) that threatens us and contribute to higher rates of environmental purity ( air, water, food, etc ), health, safety and progress .

Until then, we will, as the famous tango "Cambalache" ... "sunk in a fuzz - and in the same mud - all manoseaos" ... ----------------------------------------------

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SOLIDARITY AND LUCK JAPANESE FRIENDS!

連帯 運 が よけれ ば 日本 の 友達!

SOLIDARITY AND LUCK, JAPANESE FRIENDS!

------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ LINKS



Videos, Images and reports on the earthquake, tsunami and of nuclear accidents in Japan (March 2011) - www.rtve.es / news

日本 の 原子力 事故 - Video-reports about the nuclear accident (in Japanese) - www. youtube.com

Radioactivity - es.wikipedia.org
Central
nuclear - es.wikipedia.org

Radioactive pollution - es.wikipedia.org

International Nuclear Event Scale
(INES ) - es.wikipedia.org

radiation poisoning - es.wikipedia.org
So
affects the radiation from the human body - www.rtve.es / news

nuclear accident - es.wikipedia.org

Chernobyl Accident - es.wikipedia.org

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - es.wikipedia.org

nuclear war - es.wikipedia.org

Effects of Nuclear Weapons - es.wikipedia.org

Liste d'accidents nucléaires - es.wikipedia.org

Video-reportage of the biggest nuclear disaster in history - listas.20minutos.es

Disputes over nuclear power - es.wikipedia.org

antinuclear movement - es.wikipedia.org

Abandonment of nuclear energy - es.wikipedia.org

Renewable 100-100 - www.greenpeace.org

measures against air pollution - primatecuasisapiens.blogspot


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How Women Tennis Player Keep The Balls

Prevention and Survival EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI VISITS TO THIS BLOG

and TSUNAMI EARTHQUAKES: Measures of prevention and survival
Trembling DE TERRE et TSUNAMI: mesures de prévention et de survie

Japanese people these days suffer major disasters: after an earthquake of 9.0 degrees , followed by a terrible tsunami, have caused thousands of deaths and / or missing and destruciones of all kinds, also face possible radiation leaks from several nuclear power plants have also been damaged.

is too early to know the consequences of these terrible events facing occasionally humanity ... We will carefully

news and images that are broadcast almost live through the media (see links below)


Meanwhile, it seems appropriate to recall the Prevention and Survival advisable in case of earthquakes and tsunamis that were published earlier in this blog:


EARTHQUAKES Earthquakes or are produced mainly by the movement and collision of tectonic plates called to accumulate and release energy to affect the crust, this is especially true for fractures of the edges of the plates.
also arise as a result of volcanic processes, geological faults or other movements or subsidence occurring on the surface or deeper in the crust and mantle of the Earth. The

seismic waves can be longitudinal, transverse or surface, traveling at speeds ranging from 3 to 14 km / s.
The surface resulting from the first two are slower and giving rise to earthquakes and sometimes tsunamis.

The intensity of earthquakes is measured against a set of scales (Richter, Mercalli) that capture the networks of seismographs.

There are two points to find the location of earthquakes.
One is called the hypocenter found inside the earth is the point or place where the earthquake starts.
The second is the epicenter which lies on the surface and is located above the hypocenter.
The greatest effects usually occur alrrededor the epicenter.

earthquakes occur continually throughout the world but most are of small intensity and harmless.

A width of the Earth there geographic areas with greater intensity and frequency of earthquakes that are listed in seismic studies of each country, often coincide with the presence of volcanoes.
(See links at the bottom )

are not predictable Although the exact location and timing or intensity of future earthquakes, if that can be taken and measures to prevent and alert to protect the population and minimize damage.

CAUSES OF DEATH, INJURY AND DAMAGE OF EARTHQUAKE

Most deaths and injuries that occur as a result of an earthquake are caused, first, by the collapse of buildings and by the release or objects falling outside (balconies, fireplaces, cornices, roofs, windows, windows, poles, signs, power lines, etc) and indoors (stairs, cabinets, frames, lamps, heavy objects placed on top, etc)

And subsequently by derailments, broken dams, accidents, tsunamis, explosions, fires, etc. or because of gas leaks, spills flammable and electrical shorts as well as by engaging in behavior caused by panic : falls, collisions, abuse, nervous breakdowns, etc.

PREVENTION POSSIBLE PRIOR TO EARTHQUAKE

If you can choose the place of location housing , ensure you are on flat ground outside the channel of rivers or streams and away from slopes unstable mountain. Avoid
also those who are at sea level or below dams or reservoirs. Nor
living near nuclear power plants, fuel depots, warehouses, industries handling hazardous substances airports and mass transit routes by road or rail.
All these locations involve risks defendants in the case of earthquakes.

Another major preventive measures referred appropriate design and construction of buildings, which are to be provided with foundations, columns and beams based structures and steel mesh and concrete .
Provided that there are one hundred percent safe construction and that whenever possible will be more or less vulnerable depending on the intensity of destructive earthquakes.
(see link at the end )

As ancient constructions, especially if you live in high risk areas seismic, it is advisable to reinforce the instructions of an architect.

Until reforms are made we can build and install, in some rooms (bedrooms) or areas where homes, schools or homes, earthquake-resistant modules that serve as emergency shelters and constituting a first protection against landslides or parts of the property falls : These modules can include cubes, cones or rods (about 2 to 4 m square base 1,50 / 1,80 m high) metal structure, or even made with thick wooden planks firmly attached with metal brackets (there are also synthetic models) Browse

electric and gas facilities , ensuring that they are protected and have flexible connections and automatic devices to interrupt an overload or emergency cases.

The furniture (bookcases, cabinets) and appliances (refrigerators, tv, heaters) heavy or large height and size should be attached / bolted to the wall or walls to prevent movement or fall by the vibration or movement an earthquake. The doors should have locks. The

heavier items, bulky books, dishes, glassware, dishes, etc. should be placed in the lower parts of furniture or shelving.

lamps and tables should be light and cloaks tight.

Ensure there are no shelves or racks on the head or near beds and sofas. Avoid

pots in windows and balconies. Having located

and hand extinguisher, cell phone, first aid kit, flashlight, money, personal papers , clothing (sturdy shoes, gloves, coats, etc) and tools or other objects that may be useful in an emergency.

HOW TO PROCEED IN AN EARTHQUAKE

Trying to remain calm and not get carried away to panic.

Remember that the average length of initial phase most violent earthquake is about 30 seconds , although some may take several minutes. Later, in coming hours or days, aftershocks can occur are of low intensity.

During those first few minutes do not rush or run it is better not fall down stairs or trying to go outside because it is easy to lose balance and be shot down. Nor should use the elevator.
It is best to find the safest place and bend down or shelter in it, especially protecting the head with what is at hand (Pillow, chair, wallet, etc)

Remember that in real estate, safer areas are the bottom beds, tables, counters, desks, etc. and also lintels and frames doors, corners and pillars of support buildings.

away from other areas that involve greater risk as balconies, windows, stairs, fireplaces, lamps, mirrors, appliances, televisions, computers, cabinets, bookcases or furniture that could fall.

If the emergency occurs on the street or in the countryside, trying to move to an open area away from buildings, poles, bridges, tunnels, power lines, walls, large trees, etc.

On the streets of a city, the most dangerous area to be avoided or to be away, is placed on sidewalks or patios below, just below the facade or exterior walls of buildings, where derumbamientos there is a risk and / or falling from balconies, brick, tile, shelves, windows, electrical cables, etc.
should be placed in the middle of the street or square, separating the most of these walls. Also away bridges, stairs, porches, lampposts, trees, signs, etc.

If driving by car to stop if possible off the road to avoid the reach of other vehicles, also trying to find a safe open area away from overpasses, bridges, tunnels, poles, power lines, etc.
The interior of a vehicle is considered relatively safe, so you should remain there until the emergency is.


TO DO AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE

Once you stop the movement and vibrations, move slowly.

If we are in a home or property, and we have not been trapped or injured by shaking, an inspection the place with caution and prudence, checking the damage and possible risks.
Based on these, we must decide whether it is better to stay or proceed to an evacuation.

If we were caught more vital it is to preserve vision breathing and trying to protect / cover mouth, nose and eyes from dust, with glasses or a makeshift mask.
Then check for injury or fracture process of washing or disinfection , bandaging or protecting eroded or bruised areas, reducing and splinting members dislocated or fractured. Case

bleeding, try to press the wound and elevate the limb or injured part, apply a temporary bandage with a clean cloth or tourniquet if bleeding can be seen that pressure persists.
The tourniquet should be loosened every 15/20 minutes in order to restore blood flow and see if the bleeding stopped or decreased in which case the dressing be left alone.

If someone is unconscious from trauma or symptoms of suffocation, try not to move to aggravate the injury but not applying cardiopulmonary resuscitation and artificial respiration.

Protect injured, old or young, improvising a jail and / or shelter from the cold and provide them drinking water .

If not get out to call for help, or use a cell phone can be hit repeatedly on walls, floors and pipes to alert rescue services. The sound is transmitted either through the materials.

If you decide to evacuate must pick a team with the essentials: clothes, sturdy shoes (there are broken glass and sharp objects everywhere), gloves, flashlight, money, documents, tools, a stick, food and water drinking, etc. and study the best way out of the building or call for help if this is not possible and also how to help others who are injured or disabled.

is best to use a backpack or similar to have hands free to think that we face a possible incursion with obstacles and dangers to be overcome, sometimes climbing, as would a mountaineer, whatever tools we have at hand - ax hammer, ice pick, stick, rope, etc - can be useful. Avoid touching

loose wires and deal with spills as they could transmit electric shock.

not light matches, candles, etc, nor electrical switches ations, especially if they are suspected of wire breakage or gas and electricity facilities.
Close the gas cock and disconnect water and electricity .
If you smell gas opening windows and leaving the building warning as soon as possible to appropriate services.

As foreign aid (fire, etc) can take, if possible, try to smother small fires, prevent the worsening of damage or cancel cortocricuitos and gas or water leaks, acting with the utmost caution and prudence.

Reaction to potential tsunamis and floods:

If one lives in coastal areas near the sea , immediately after the cessation of shocks earthquake - where it has been intense and lasted for more than 10 seconds - you have to urgently evacuate the area and head towards the interior (2 to 3 km) and, if possible, to mountains or other areas over the evade.
Tsunamis may reach the coast with speeds over 50 km / h and heights of up to 30 m.

also if at the time of the earthquake we are in flood risk areas (channels of rivers, low lying areas near swamps, canals, etc), you must evacuate immediately to higher places, since an earthquake can crack or fracture the dams, sluices or pipes and cause dangerous flooding.


Once past the emergency must seek to reach a safe area as possible, where welfare is as disruption and chaos caused by the disaster added new problems of food supply, health and housing of victims and potential risks of attacks and looting. ----------------------------------------------

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SOLIDARITY AND LUCK JAPANESE FRIENDS!

連帯 運 が よけれ ば 日本 の 友達!

SOLIDARITY AND LUCK, JAPANESE FRIENDS!
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LINKS EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI and JAPAN radioactive leaks, March 2011 - News, pictures and videos of www.google.es

View this excellent video report "warning in the Pacific" with shocking images of the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear alert in Japan - Weekly Report - www.rtve.es -

Earthquake in Japan (Videos and news of events, earthquakes, tsunami, nuclear alert, etc) - www.rtve.es

Earthquake - es.wikipedia. org

Large earthquakes in the world - es.wikipedia.org

tsunamis - es.wikipedia.org

Radioactivity - es.wikipedia.org

nuclear accident - es.wikipedia.org

Seismicity in the Iberian Peninsula: Maps and areas of higher and lower rates - www.proyectosalonhogar.com / Ciencias_ambientales

Earthquakes in Spain and the world, past records and the last days - alertaterremotos.com

Design and construction of steel structures - Author: Martínez Romero, Enrique - www.crid.or.cr / cd / CD_Asentamientos_Humanos

Containers used as dwellings, a good anti-seismic habitat - Primatecuasisapiens

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How To Find The Tension Of An Object

Undertake

This is the story of a child. A child either. Probably as many. And as it grew he and his relationship with balloons. I hope you enjoy this story and everything in it.

was the early sixties and was still very young. I was that age where his father was a god and his mother everything.

With an extraordinary imagination and ingenuity to play, maintained, nevertheless, a strange relationship with balloons as the object of the game. He was fascinated by the magic of his slow movements, seemed not of this world. That allowed him to emulate many fantasies as a goalkeeper football. Lunged for him as his brother threw it high up to the couch. Or simulate moves in slow motion like a star of such style that his talent and deserve to see action again and again.

But ... There's always a but. In this case two. On the one hand still had the fear, to grasp, that it exploded. It was still very young. And that caused him some concern. On the other hand, always fell. Yes, he had seen in movies of children who had a balloon with a rope and he always kept up. And the balloon was proud, erect. Maybe even with a certain cockiness. Or the cockiness is what he would have in the case of someday one of those. But in the Spain of the sixties, of those, no. Had to comply with these.

took, but it got the desired day. How little he imagined that this would be the constant in his life! : To see things taking longer. Always try to work under the patient. And never sufficiently worked: always need more.

There was the novelty dress event. And so to pay, as their parents cried to buy it. About

younger than the subjects in that place, had several children who had already made your purchase. Some other, crying because her parents did not have access to the expense. Others, even without balloon, also crying ... ... while the balloon away into the sky and amid outrage from parents which stated the fleeting effect of spending.

It was no longer a child. In fact, had long since stopped playing with balloons. It was probably automatically after missing the fear of being exploited in their hands. Stopped fearing it and stopped playing with them. Play is exciting. When you take away exciting game that you're opening the door of boredom, he found.

But in that plaza opened a new era.

His parents had to buy another balloon to the little brother. This is tied to the wrist in leak prevention. But he .... He soon became clear that it wanted to take in hand: Grasp it. At the end of the day was old! And so, not without the constant pressure from her mother's threats of consequences that escape him.

At ten minutes (which seemed to him an eternity) he realized that his hand was on the verge of gangrene. Or at least I was starting to not feel it. Such was the force that held the line, barely noticed the claims of his younger brother to take him also untied balloon.

As expected, the younger brother escaped the balloon at first sigh. ... With the subsequent tears.

him, stunned, expectant, contemplated the situation. How wonderful, he thought. Were futile efforts to comfort his brother. Although he said: - Do not cry! Hush! Because if you can not hear you crying and crying because the balloon away from you.

Years passed. The child grew and balloons too. As an adult, had the opportunity to attend a hot air balloon festival. He turned his magic.

could only go from the ground. But his head, since that time, began to be in heaven.

went for it, at least one day, get one of them.

And fly.

and see what is ballooning. By their silence. As you can hear your thoughts on this silence!

And be flying. Magic.

Very special.

Later, driving in the train. Barcelona reached deep in thought. The trip had been mulling over things. Projects, future difficulties, some satisfaction .... All those things that one would put in the waking state when accompanied by the torpor of an early start.

train's arrival in Barcelona I never know if it occurs between a few clear that between tunnels ... or if there are tunnels between the gaps. The change in light input bothers both cases I thought. The train slowed

his march to the ISS. Enough to be able to entertain reading some of the many graffiti that abound there. And suddenly, he read:

with dreams never do what a child does with his balloon ...

That to play you lose ...

... and losing ... ... Cry.

This reading struck him to wake him at all:

• Dreams move slowly, just be patient and enjoy them as if your talent was at its height.
• should not grasp the dreams because you prevent them rise, that's how you enjoy them: seeing up, grow.
• And little you can, ride over them. And fly.

I hope you enjoyed this story. The story of a child. A child either. Probably as many. And as it grew he and his relationship with balloons.

I embrace.